Digital Divide on Financial Development in Asia-Pacific Region: The Role of Contextual Factors
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47743/saeb-2025-0012Keywords:
digital divide, financial development, Asia-Pacific Region, institutional quality.Abstract
This study delves into the influence of the digital divide on financial development, considering contextual factors, particularly institutional frameworks. The Asia-Pacific region, chosen for its diverse variables across countries, was pivotal in elucidating this relationship. This research reveals that the impact of the digital divide on financial development becomes evident about two years post-implementation by addressing time lag and endogeneity concerns with instrumental variables. Notably, the study highlights how the digital divide affects financial inclusion advancements, with institutional quality moderating the strength of this relationship but not altering its trajectory. Monopoly is recognized as a constraint on financial development, supporting previous research. Policymakers in transitioning economies should heed the delayed effects of digital transformation, emphasizing long-term strategies considering multifaceted impacts on financial development.
References
Agarwal, S., & Chua, Y. H. (2020). FinTech and household finance: A review of the empirical literature. China Finance Review International, 10(4), 361-376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/CFRI-03-2020-0024
Aghion, P., Akcigit, U., Hyytinen, A., & Toivanen, O. (2017). The social origins of inventors. NBER, 24110.
Alam, N., Gupta, L., & Zameni, A. (2019). Digitalization, Development and Disruption Fintech and Islamic finance: Palgrave Macmillan Cham. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24666-2
Allen, F., Carletti, E., Cull, R., Qian, J., Senbet, L., & Valenzuela, P. (2014). Resolving the African financial development gap: Cross-country comparisons and a within-country study of Kenya. In African Successes, III: Modernization and Development, 13-62.
Aterido, R., Hallward-Driemeier, M., & Pagés, C. (2011). Big constraints to small firms’ growth? Business environment and employment growth across firms. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 59(3), 609-647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/658349
Aziz, A., & Naima, U. (2021). Rethinking digital financial inclusion: Evidence from Bangladesh. Technology in Society, 64, 101509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101509
Azizi, S. (2020). Impacts of remittances on financial development. Journal of Economic Studies (Glasgow, Scotland), 47(3), 467-477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JES-01-2019-0045
Azmeh, C. (2025). Bridging divides: The role of Fintech and financial inclusion in reducing poverty and inequality in developing countries. Innovation and Development, 1-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2157930X.2025.2467515
Badra, S., Jain, S., & Vichore, S. (2025). Fintech and financial inclusion: conceptual foundations and research landscape. Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/GKMC-07-2024-0443
Bara, A. (2016). Diffusion and adoption of bank financial innovation in Zimbabwe: An external factor analysis. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 8(4), 357-368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2016.1156839
Barth, J. R., Caprio, G., & Levine, R. (2013). Bank regulation and supervision in 180 countries from 1999 to 2011. Journal of Financial Economic Policy, 5(2), 111-219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17576381311329661
Beck, T., Chen, T., Lin, C., & Song, F. M. (2016). Financial innovation: The bright and the dark sides. Journal of Banking & Finance, 72, 28-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2016.06.012
Bindu, S., Sridharan, P., Swain, R. K., & Das, C. P. (2022). Causal linkage between remittances and financial development: Evidence from the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa). Journal of East-West Business, 28(2), 117-149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10669868.2021.1976348
Blakstad, S., & Allen, R. (2018). Universal Inclusion in the New Financial Ecosystem FinTech Revolution: Palgrave Macmillan Cham. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76014-8
Blundell, R., & Bond, S. (1998). Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models. Journal of Econometrics, 87(1), 115-143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(98)00009-8
Bukht, R., & Heeks, R. (2017). Defining, conceptualising and measuring the digital economy. Development Informatics working paper(68).
Bunje, M. Y., Abendin, S., & Wang, Y. (2022). The multidimensional effect of financial development on trade in Africa: The role of the digital economy. Telecommunications Policy, 46(10), 102444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2022.102444
Carlin, R., & Lee, R. M. (2021). Understanding Kim Jong-un’s Economic Policymaking: Defense versus Civilian Spending. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 91. Retrieved from https://www.38north.org/2021/09/understanding-kim-jong-uns-economic-policymaking-defense-versus-civilian-spending
Chen, P., & Kim, S. (2023). The impact of digital transformation on innovation performance - The mediating role of innovation factors. Heliyon, 9(3). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13916
Cherbib, J., Chebbi, H., Yahiaoui, D., Thrassou, A., & Sakka, G. (2021). Digital technologies and learning within asymmetric alliances: The role of collaborative context. Journal of Business Research, 125, 214-226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.11.064
Chien, M. S., Cheng, C. Y., & Kurniawati, M. A. (2020). The non-linear relationship between ICT diffusion and financial development. Telecommunications Policy, 44(9), 102023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2020.102023
Claessens, S., Frost, J., Turner, G., & Zhu, F. (2018). Fintech credit markets around the world: size, drivers and policy issues. BIS Quarterly Review September.
Corning, G. P. (2022). ASEAN and the Regime Complex for Digital Trade in the Asia-Pacific. Journal of World Trade, 56(6). http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2022038
Da-gyum, J. (2022). Past, present, future of S. Korea's first homegrown KF-21 fighter jet. The Korea Herald. Retrieved from https://www.koreaherald.com/article/2933112
Das, B. (2022). Diffusion of innovations: Theoretical perspectives and empirical evidence. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 14(1), 94-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2020.1814517
Demirguc-Kunt, A., Klapper, L., Singer, D., & Ansar, S. (2018). The Global Findex Database 2017: Measuring financial inclusion and the fintech revolution. World Bank. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1259-0
Demirgüç-Kunt, A., & Singer, D. (2017). Financial inclusion and inclusive growth: A review of recent empirical evidence. World bank policy research working paper(8040).
Dengler, K., Hiesinger, K., & Tisch, A. (2022). Digital transformation: The role of computer use in employee health. Economics and Human Biology, 46, 101137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2022.101137
Dinh, V., Le, D. V., Duong, D., & Pham, D. (2023). Determinants affecting digital financial consumer protection: Evidence from 135 countries. Journal of Economic Asymmetries, 27, e00301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeca.2023.e00301
Donou-Adonsou, F., Pradhan, G., & Basnet, H. C. (2020). Remittance inflows and financial development: Evidence from the top recipient countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Applied Economics, 52(53), 5807-5820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2020.1776834
Dragu, T., & Lupu, Y. (2021). Digital authoritarianism and the future of human rights. International Organization, 75(4), 991-1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0020818320000624
Drori, N., Alessandri, T., Bart, Y., & Herstein, R. (2024). The impact of digitalization on internationalization from an internalization theory lens. Long Range Planning, 57(1), 102395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2023.102395
Duc, D. A., Hoi, L. Q., Van Dao, L., Lien, V. T. P., Hang, N. T., & Huong, T. L. (2024). Corporate environmental responsibility and the business risk of Vietnamese SMEs: The mediating role of internal control. Risk Management, 26(1), 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41283-023-00133-1
Ekinci, R. (2021). The impact on digitalization on financial sector performance. The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Governance. The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Governance, Economics and Finance, I, 99-119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6811-8_6
ESCAP. (2022). Asia-Pacific digital transformation report 2022: shaping our digital future. Retrieved from https://repository.unescap.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12870/4725/ESCAP-2022-IDD-Flagship-Asia-Pacific-Digital-Transformation-Report.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
ESCAP. (2025). Asia and the Pacific SDG Progress Report 2025: engaging communities to close the evidence ga. Retrieved from https://repository.unescap.org/handle/20.500.12870/7736
Feyen, E., Heffernan, R. R., Natarajan, H., Saal, M., & Sarkar, A. (2021). World Bank group global market survey: digital technology and the future of finance. World Bank Group Fintech and the Future of Finance report.
Fromentin, V. (2017). The long-run and short-run impacts of remittances on financial development in developing countries. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 66, 192-201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2017.02.006
Fujiki, H. (2021). Will the widespread use of cashless payments reduce the frequency of the use of cash payments? Review of Economic Analysis, 13(3), 89-120. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/rea.v13i3
García‐Avilés, J. A. (2020). Diffusion of innovation: The international Encyclopedia of media psychology. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119011071.iemp0137
GSMA. (2022). GSMA Mobile Connectivity Index. Retrieved from: https://www.mobileconnectivityindex.com/connectivityIndex.html#year=2014&dataSet=indicator
Ha, L. T. (2022). Impacts of digital business on global value chain participation in European countries. AI & Society, 1-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00146-022-01524-w
Horobet, A., Mnohoghitnei, I., Zlatea, E. M. L., & Belascu, L. (2022). The interplay between digitalization, education, and financial development: A European case study. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 15(3), 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15030135
Hutton, T. A. (2003). Service industries, globalization, and urban restructuring within the Asia-Pacific: New development trajectories and planning responses. Progress in Planning, 61(1), 1-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0305-9006(03)00013-8
Hwang, Y., Park, S., & Shin, N. (2021). Sustainable development of a mobile payment security environment using fintech solutions. Sustainability (Basel), 13(15), 8375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158375
Jemiluyi, O. O., & Jeke, L. (2023). How Catalytic Is Digital Technology in the Nexus between Migrants’ Remittance and Financial Development in Sub-Saharan African Countries? Economies, 11(3), 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies11030074
Jordà, Ò. (2005). Estimation and inference of impulse responses by local projections. The American Economic Review, 95(1), 161-182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/0002828053828518
Kaur, P., Dhir, A., Bodhi, R., Singh, T., & Almotairi, M. (2020). Why do people use and recommend m-wallets? Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 56, 102091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102091
Keane, M., Yu, H., Zhao, E. J., & Leong, S. (2020). Chinas Digital Presence in the Asia-Pacific: Culture, Technology and Platforms: Anthem Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv20pxxzt
Khan, M. A., Khan, M. A., Abdulahi, M. E., Liaqat, I., & Shah, S. S. H. (2019). Institutional quality and financial development: The United States perspective. Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 49, 67-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mulfin.2019.01.001
Kim, J. Y., Park, J., & Jun, S. (2022). Digital transformation landscape in Asia and the Pacific: Aggravated digital divide and widening growth gap. ESCAP working papaer series.
Kingiri, A. N., & Fu, X. (2020). Understanding the diffusion and adoption of digital finance innovation in emerging economies: M-Pesa money mobile transfer service in Kenya. Innovation and Development, 10(1), 67-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2157930X.2019.1570695
Kumari, N., & Khanna, J. (2017). Cashless payment: A behaviourial change to economic growth. Qualitative and Quantitative Research Review, 2(2).
Legowo, M. B., Indiarto, B., & Prayitno, D. (2021a). Digital economy inclusiveness information system model to encourage national economic recovery: Recover together, recover stronger. Paper presented at the In Conference Towards ASEAN Chairmanship 2023 (TAC 23 2021).
Legowo, M. B., Indiarto, B., & Prayitno, D. (2021b). Digitalization for business model innovation: Create, change, and improve for values. Paper presented at the In 2021 4th International Conference of Computer and Informatics Engineering (IC2IE).
Lythreatis, S., Singh, S. K., & El-Kassar, A. N. (2022). The digital divide: A review and future research agenda. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 175, 121359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121359
Machkour, B., & Abriane, A. (2020). Industry 4.0 and its Implications for the Financial Sector. Procedia Computer Science, 177, 496-502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2020.10.068
Michaelsen, M. (2018). Transforming Threats to Power: The International Politics of Authoritarian Internet Control in Iran. International Journal of Communication(19328036), 12.
Mignamissi, D., & Djijo T, A. J. (2021). Digital divide and financial development in Africa. Telecommunications Policy, 45(9), 102199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2021.102199
Nam, Y., & Lee, S. T. (2023). Behind the growth of FinTech in South Korea: Digital divide in the use of digital financial services. Telematics and Informatics, 81, 101995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2023.101995
Nchofoung, T. N., & Asongu, S. A. (2022). ICT for sustainable development: Global comparative evidence of globalisation thresholds. Telecommunications Policy, 46(5), 102296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2021.102296
Nguyen, T. V., Simioni, M., & Van Le, D. (2019). Assessment of TFP change at provincial level in Vietnam: New evidence using Färe–Primont productivity index. Economic Analysis and Policy, 64, 329-345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2019.09.007
Oladunjoye, O., & Tshidzumba, N. (2023). Technology Adoption and the Financial Market Performance in Nigeria and South Africa. In Applied Research Conference in Africa, 935-952. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25998-2_72
Ong, H. B., & Chong, L. L. (2023). The effect of cashless payments on the internet and mobile banking. Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 28(1), 178-188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41264-022-00145-0
Ong, H. B., Wasiuzzaman, S., Chong, L. L., & Choon, S. W. (2023). Digitalisation and financial inclusion of lower middle-income ASEAN. Heliyon, 9(2), e13347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13347
Owusu-Agyei, S., Okafor, G., Chijoke-Mgbame, A. M., Ohalehi, P., & Hasan, F. (2020). Internet adoption and financial development in sub-Saharan Africa. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 161, 120293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120293
Ozili, P. K. (2018). Impact of digital finance on financial inclusion and stability. Borsa Istanbul Review, 18(4), 329-340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2017.12.003
Ping, H. W. (2014). Banking regulation in China: Why, what, and how? Banking Regulation in China: The Role of Public and Private Sectors (pp. 51-69): Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137367556_3
Prochniak, M., & Wasiak, K. (2017). The impact of the financial system on economic growth in the context of the global crisis: Empirical evidence for the EU and OECD countries. Empirica, 44, 295-337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10663-016-9323-9
Raihan, M. M., Subroto, S., Chowdhury, N., Koch, K., Ruttan, E., & Turin, T. C. (2024). Dimensions and barriers for digital (in) equity and digital divide: A systematic integrative review. Digital Transformation and Society. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/DTS-04-2024-0054
Ramya, N., Sivasakthi, D., & Nandhini, M. (2017). Cashless transaction: Modes, advantages and disadvantages. International Journal of Applied Research, 3(1), 122-125.
Rao, K. U., & Kishore, V. (2010). A review of technology diffusion models with special reference to renewable energy technologies. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(3), 1070-1078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.11.007
Rhee, T., Wood, J., & Kim, J. (2022). Digital Transformation as a Demographic and Economic Integrated Policy for Southeast Asian Developing Countries. Sustainability (Basel), 14(5), 2857. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14052857
Rogers, E. M. (2010). Diffusion of innovations Retrieved from https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Diffusion-of-Innovations-4th-Edition/Everett-M-Rogers/9781451602470
Ruiz-Porras, A. (2009). Financial structure, financial development and banking fragility: International evidence. Análisis Económico, 24(56), 147-173.
Runtev, M. (2020). The impact of digitization on financial markets and their tendency on global growth. Економски Развој-Economic Development, 22(1-2), 133-145.
Sardana, V., & Singhania, S. (2018). Digital technology in the realm of banking: A review of literature. International Journal of Research in Finance and Management, 1(2), 28-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33545/26175754.2018.v1.i2a.12
Sethi, P., Chakrabarti, D., & Bhattacharjee, S. (2020). Globalization, financial development and economic growth: Perils on the environmental sustainability of an emerging economy. Journal of Policy Modeling, 42(3), 520-535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2020.01.007
Shaban, A. (2025). Digitalization and exclusion - digital divides and development. In Digital Geographies - Theory, Space, and Communities: A Machine-Generated Literature Review, 255-496.
Shiller, B. R. (2013). First degree price discrimination using big data Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Benjamin-Shiller/publication/358940523_First-Degree_Price_Discrimination_Using_Big_Data_for_very_useful_feedback_suggestions_and_advice_I_would_also_like_to_thank/links/621e7052395296023159b47d/First-Degree-Price-Discrimination-Using-Big-Data-for-very-useful-feedback-suggestions-and-advice-I-would-also-like-to-thank.pdf
Sobiech, I. (2019). Remittances, finance and growth: Does financial development foster the impact of remittances on economic growth? World Development, 113, 44-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.08.016
Son, C. Y. (2022). Digital connectivity: Bolstering technical development and shaping the digital economy in South. East Asia (Piscataway, N.J.).
Stuart-Fox, M. (2009). Laos: the Chinese connection. Southeast Asian Affairs, 2009(1), 141-169.
Sudan, F. K. (2020). Regional institutions in Europe and Southeast Asia: Lessons for economic integration in South Asia. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10419/238447
Svirydzenka, K. (2016). Introducing a new broad-based index of financial development: International Monetary Fund. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781513583709.001
Thordsen, T., Murawski, M., & Bick, M. (2020). How to measure digitalization? A critical evaluation of digital maturity models. Paper presented at the In Responsible Design, Implementation and Use of Information and Communication Technology: 19th IFIP WG 6.11 Conference on e-Business, e-Services, and e-Society, I3E 2020, Skukuza, South Africa.
Urhie, E., Amonu, O. C., Mbah, C., Ewetan, O. O., Matthew, O. A., Adediran, O., . . . Adekeye, A. (2021). Banking technology and cashless economy in selected Sub-Saharan African countries: Does education matter? Journal of Money Laundering Control, 24(3), 584-595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-10-2020-0122
Van, H. V., Van Dao, L., Hoang, L. K., & Van Hien, N. (2023). The efficiency of government finanical expenditures before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-country investigation. Finance Research Letters, 54, 103697. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2023.103697
Van Le, D., & Tran, T. Q. (2022). Does the private sector increase inequality? Evidence from a transitional country. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 62, 451-466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2022.06.005
Van Le, D., & Tran, T. Q. (2023). Heterogenous effects of ICT application on local tourism development: A quantile regression approach. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure & Events, 1-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2023.2196727
Van Le, D., & Tran, T. Q. (2024). Economic growth and quality of education: Evidence from the national high school exam in Vietnam. International Journal of Educational Development, 104, 102947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2023.102947
Van Le, D., & Tran, T. Q. (2025). Central budget allocation regime and total factor productivity in Vietnam: A decomposition approach. Economía, 26(1), 67-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ECON-11-2023-0187
Van Le, D., Tran, T. Q., & Doan, T. (2022). The private sector and multidimensional poverty reduction in Vietnam: A cross‐province panel data analysis. International Journal of Social Welfare, 31(3), 291-309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijsw.12524
Vo, D. H., Nguyen, N. T., Vo, A. T., Ho, C. M., & Nguyen, T. C. (2021). Does the Kuznets curve apply for financial development and environmental degradation in the Asia-Pacific region? Heliyon, 7(4), e06708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06708
Wade, R. H. (2023). The world development report 2022: Finance for an equitable recovery in the context of the international debt crisis. Development and Change, 54(5), 1354-1373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dech.12796
Weber, A. M. (2024). Digitalizing the commercial banking business model: vanishing bank branches and the risks of financial exclusion of the elderly Commercial Banking in Transition: A Cross-Country Analysis (pp. 87-107): Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45289-5_5
Wintoki, M. B., Linck, J. S., & Netter, J. M. (2012). Endogeneity and the dynamics of internal corporate governance. Journal of Financial Economics, 105(3), 581-606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2012.03.005
Wójcik, M., Dmochowska-Dudek, K., & Tobiasz-Lis, P. (2021). Boosting the Potential for GeoDesign: Digitalisation of the System of Spatial Planning as a Trigger for Smart Rural Development. Energies, 14(13), 3895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133895
World Bank. (2012). Global financial development report 2013: Rethinking the role of the state in finance. World Bank. Retrieved from https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/853761468326979957/global-financial-development-report-2013-rethinking-the-role-of-the-state-in-finance
World Bank. (2016). World development report 2016: Digital dividends. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2016
World Bank. (2019a). The Digital Economy in Southeast Asia: Strengthening the Foundations for Future Growth. World Bank. Retrieved from https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/328941558708267736/pdf/the-digital-economy-in-southeast-asia-strengthening-the-foundations-for-future-growth.pdf
World Bank. (2019b). Global financial development report 2019/2020: Bank regulation and supervision a decade after the global financial crisis. World Bank. Retrieved from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/71ec90e9-08f3-52be-b0be-63f136719243
World Bank. (2024). DataBank Global Financial Development. Retrieved from: https://databank.worldbank.org/source/global-financial-development
Wu, T., & Shao, W. (2022). How does digital economy drive industrial structure upgrading: An empirical study based on 249 prefecture-level cities in China. PLoS One, 17(11), e0277787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277787
Yu, M., Jin, H., Zhang, H., & Chong, A. Y. L. (2023). ICT, financial development and renewable energy consumption. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 63(1), 190-203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08874417.2022.2049017
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Bao Trung Phan, Dao Le-Van, Dinh Van Nguyen, Thi Kim Duyen Nguyen

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
All accepted papers are published on an Open Access basis.
The Open Access License is based on the Creative Commons license.
The non-commercial use of the article will be governed by the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License as currently displayed on https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives license, the author(s) and users are free to share (copy, distribute and transmit the contribution) under the following conditions:
1. they must attribute the contribution in the manner specified by the author or licensor,
2. they may not use this contribution for commercial purposes,
3. they may not alter, transform, or build upon this work.